Finite Verbs

Every syntactical well-formed statement must contain just one finite verb. Finite verb forms are tied to the grammatical subject and the morphology is inflected to indicate person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood.

It is possible to have more than one verb serving as the finite verb is such constructions as they come and go or you can walk but not run. These are really cases of elision, a short form of they come and they go and they can walk but they cannot run.

Similarly, although there is multiple verb form used in such statements as we must try and go, this is an idiomatic replacement for we must try to go rather than a syntactically correct form.

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Non-finite verb forms

Verbs come in both finite and non-finite forms.

A finite verb is the necessary component of every meaningful statement. Finite verbs are inflected to adapt to the grammatical subject. It is this bond between a single grammatical subject and a single finite verb that is the basic building block around which a statement is constructed. Finite verbs are analysed in section 6 below.

There are three non-finite forms, infinitives and present and past participles. The non-finite forms of a verb don’t adapt to the grammatical subject but do change to reflect the grammatical aspect and, in the case of transitive verbs, the grammatical voice. Infinitives, infinitives with past participles, and present participles in the form of gerunds can all function as noun-terms. These are analysed in section 5 below.

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Statement structure

A grammatical clause expresses a single complete idea. A grammatical sentence can either be a single clause or multiple clauses connected together by some linking mechanism. This means that a sequence of ideas can be expressed either by forming multiple sentences or by joining multiple clauses into a single sentence. The difference is largely a matter of style rather than grammar. For that reason, in these notes, I will refer to both sentences and clauses as statements.

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The copula

The analysis begins some distance from where most investigations would start. It seems to me that the significance of the copula is not properly appreciated but without an understanding of the difference between a copula, a transitive verb and an intransitive verb, the syntax of the language cannot be understood. The basic semantic distinction between a state and an event is captured in the syntactic distinction between copulas, which describe a state or a change in state, and transitive and intransitive verbs, which describe events.

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